![]() A pycnometer is a glass container with a precise volume that is used to measure the mass of a known volume of liquid. A hydrometer is a device that measures the density of a liquid by measuring the buoyancy force on a floating object. The density of water can be measured experimentally using a variety of techniques, such as a hydrometer or a pycnometer. The effect of salinity on water density is more complex, as the density of saltwater varies depending on the concentration and type of salt. As pressure increases, the density of water also increases. This is because the density of ice is lower than the density of liquid water. As water gets colder, its density increases, which is why ice floats on water. The density of water can be affected by several factors, including temperature, pressure, and salinity. The density of water also plays a critical role in oceanography, as it affects the circulation of seawater and the transport of nutrients and other substances in the ocean. It is used, for example, in the design and construction of water tanks, pipes, and other fluid-carrying systems. The density of water is an important property that has many practical applications in science and engineering. Water is a unique substance in that it has a density of exactly 1 g/mL at STP, which is defined as a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius and a pressure of 1 atmosphere. The density of a substance is typically expressed in units of mass per unit volume, such as g/mL or kg/m³. Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content.The density of water is approximately 1 gram per milliliter (g/mL) at standard temperature and pressure (STP).ĭensity is a physical property of matter that relates to the amount of mass in a given volume. Please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page. In a third-party publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) If you want to reproduce the whole article If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figuresĪnd diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. Provided correct acknowledgement is given. If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission To request permission to reproduce material from this article, please go to the ![]() The results demonstrate the potential of dual-modification design using solution-based processes to enable sustainable energy technologies.ĭual modification on hematite to minimize small polaron effects and charge recombination for sustainable solar water splitting The engineered photoanode increased photocurrent from 0.7 mA cm-2 for pristine hematite up to 4.5 mA cm-2 at 1.23V and beyond 6.0 mA cm-2 when applying an overpotential of 300 mV under simulated sunlight illumination (100 mW cm-2). The solution-based method simultaneously induces Al3+ doping of hematite crystal lattice while Zr4+ forms interfacial excess, creating a single-phased homogenous nanostructured thin film. Here we develop a synthetic strategy to leverage earth-abundant Al3+ and Zr4+ in a dual-chemical modification to synergistically minimize small polaron effects and interfacial charge recombination. However, major challenges exist in improving charge density and minimizing charge recombination rates for a competitive photoelectrochemical performance based on hematite without compromising sustainability aspects. Hematite nanostructures are strong candidates for the development of sustainable water splitting technologies.
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